Structural, FTIR, optical, mechanical and magnetic properties of Zn1−xFexO with various Fe nanopowder additions

We report here the structural, FTIR, optical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of Zn 1−x Fe x O with various Fe nanopowder additions (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.30). The wurtzite structure and compressive stress are clearly conformed in all samples. Further, the lattice constants, crystallite size, porosity, strains, grain size, Debye temperature, and elastic modulus are increased as x increases to 0.05, followed by a decrease at x = 0.30, but they are higher than those of ZnO. Interestingly, two electronic transitions were observed for all samples corresponding to two values of energy gaps, E g 1 and E g 2 . They were decreased from 3.25 and 3.72 eV to 3.00 and 3.60 eV, respectively. In contrast, an enhancement of the lattice constant ϵ L , the density of charge carriers ( N / m *), and the optical and electrical conductivities as x increases was obtained. For example, ϵ L and charge carriers density ( N / m *) for x = 0.30 doped sample are, respectively, 10 and 15 times more than those of ZnO. The refractive index ( n ) increases as x is increased, and a good correlation between n and E g was obtained. Other parameters, such as the dissipation factor, surface and bulk loss functions, were also controlled by the variation of x . The non-linear optical parameters were also increased by increasing x , indicating not only the interesting optical properties of these materials but also the possibility of their optoelectronic applications. The Vickers hardness H v is increased by increasing x to 0.30 and applying load to 9.8 N. In contrast, the surface energy γ , elastic indentation d e , and resistance pressure decrease as x increases to 0.10, followed by an increase at x = 0.30. A noticeable ferromagnetic behavior with evaluated magnetization parameters is clearly obtained for the x = 0.10 sample. The saturation magnetization M s is about 250 times greater than that of ZnO, which supports the room temperature ferromagnetic (RTFM) for the Fe-doped sample. These findings indicate that the addition of Fe as nanopowder to ZnO is promising for altering plastic flow region, optoelectronic, high-power operating and spintronic devices, which highlights the present investigation.