Portable locomotion activity monitor (pLAM): A cost‐effective setup for robust activity tracking in small animals

Characterising the frequency and timing of biological processes such as locomotion, eclosion or foraging, is often needed to get a complete picture of a species' ecology. Automated trackers are an invaluable tool for high‐throughput collection of activity data and have become more accurate and efficient with advances in computer vision and deep learning. However, tracking activity of small and fast flying animals remains a hurdle, especially in a field setting with variable light conditions. Commercial activity monitors can be expensive, closed source and generally limited to laboratory settings. Here, we present a portable locomotion activity monitor (pLAM), a mobile activity detector to quantify small animal activity. Our setup uses inexpensive components, builds upon open‐source motion tracking software, and is easy to assemble and use in the field. It runs off‐grid, supports low‐light tracking with infrared lights and can implement arbitrary light cycle colours and brightnesses with programmable LEDs. We provide a user‐friendly guide to assembling pLAM hardware, accessing its pre‐configured software and guidelines for using it in other systems. We benchmarked pLAM for insects under various laboratory and field conditions, then compared results to a commercial activity detector. They offer broadly similar activity measures, but our setup captures flight and bouts of motion that are often missed by beam breaking activity detection. pLAM can automate laboratory and field monitoring of activity and timing in a wide range of biological processes, including circadian rhythm, eclosion and diapause timing, pollination and flower foraging, or pest feeding activity. This low cost and easy setup allows high‐throughput animal behaviour studies for basic and applied ecology and evolution research. Resumen A menudo es necesario caracterizar la frecuencia y el momento en que ocurren procesos biológicos, como la locomoción, la eclosión o el forrajeo, para obtener una imagen completa de la ecología de una especie. Los rastreadores automatizados son una herramienta invaluable para la colecta masiva de datos de actividad biológica y se han vuelto más precisos y eficientes con los avances en visión artificial y aprendizaje profundo. Sin embargo, el rastreo de la actividad de animales voladores pequeños y rápidos sigue siendo un obstáculo, especialmente en condiciones de campo donde la luz es altamente variable. Los monitores comerciales de actividad pueden ser costosos, n