Photocatalytic activity of SnO2 nanoparticles

Under ultra violet visible light radiation, the photocatalytic degradation behaviour of different dyes such as Methylene Blue(MB), Methyl Orange(MO), Rhodamine B(Rh.B), and textile dye catalysed by tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Tin oxide nano powders were meticulously produced using the sol–gel acrylamide method. The manufactured powder was heated at various temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C. After the heat treatment the powder were analysed by various techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra and photocatalytic activity studies. All of the powder samples exhibit a tetragonal rutile structure of tin oxide, and XRD measurements were used to determine the grain size of the nanoparticles, which ranged from 7 to 18 nm. Surface morphology and microstructure characteristics that are almost spherical in the form its particle size was 20 nm observed in TEM. Raman spectra indicate three basic Raman peaks at 481, 632 and 773 cm −1 correspond to the E g , A 1g , and B 2g vibration modes. The UV–Visible diffuse reflection spectra (330 nm and 450 nm) were helpful to identify the band gap of tin oxide its value in the range of 4.15 eV to 3.92 eV and also it is suitable materials for photocatalytic irradiation. Photocatalytic activity of tin oxide nanoparticles behaviour compared with four dyes using UV–Visible light radiation. From the observation to measure the pseudo-first-order rate constants of four dyes were computed. The removal efficiency of various dye was observed which indicate MB has greater efficiency (93%) it is higher than all other dyes. Within 90 min, 30 mg/L tin oxide at pH 11 caused the most deterioration. These findings point to the role of photogenerated holes in the dye's degradation process. Graphical abstract