Carbon nanomaterials for phototherapy of cancer and microbial infections

Carbon nanomaterials (CNM) have gained great interest in the scientific community and motivated multiple studies in the biomedical field thanks to their unique properties. The present review intends to provide not only a comprehensive overview but also an integrative approach of the state-of-the-art knowledge on CNM colloids as multifunctional agents in phototherapy (photodynamic and photothermal therapy), focusing on cancer and antimicrobial applications. Firstly, an overview of the structures and properties of each material and of the numerous surface modification strategies employed to enhance their effectiveness will be presented. Then, the most relevant studies developed for each different type of therapy modality will be highlighted, as well as the experimental conditions used to achieve an effective anticancer or antimicrobial effect in vitro and in vivo. Focus is also placed on identifying the mechanisms for each CNM and CNM-conjugates that lead to effective photothermal or photodynamic therapy, with the simultaneous use of both being considered as well. Finally, key safety and biocompatibility concerns regarding CNM use will be presented, and new potential developments and prospective challenges in the field discussed. [Display omitted]