The black hole illusion: A neglected source of aviation accidents

The black hole illusion (BHI) refers to when a pilot misperceives the physical relation between the runway and plane, and therefore makes an incorrect flight adjustment during landing. Although this illusion has been reported for many years, cognitive psychologists and ergonomists have tended to neglect it. This paper reviews the current state of BHI-related research and potential contributing factors. We conclude that the relatively short and less comprehensive research history has resulted in a lack of consensus definition of the BHI. Moreover, the prior studies potentially misled theoretical research and practical applications. Further, we discuss possible coping mechanisms that address perception, attention, and flying strategy. We propose that unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based BHI research is a promising path to reduce the current neglect of research on the topic. •The black hole illusion (BHI) has been relatively neglected for decades by cognitive psychologists.•A systematic review of the contributing factors of the BHI was performed.•Coping mechanisms that address perception, attention, strategy, and personality were discussed.•Studying the BHI in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operators is a promising research path.