A hydraulic–mechanical coupling model based on smoothed particle dynamics for simulating rock fracture

A hydraulic–mechanical coupling model based on smooth particle dynamics (HM-SPD) is proposed to simulate the seepage failure process of rocks. In the SPD program, the damage particles determined by the Mohr–Coulomb criterion are captured to dynamically track the fracture behavior of the rock, such as the initiation, propagation and penetration of cracks. Firstly, the accuracy of smooth particle dynamics (SPD) seepage theory is verified by a one-dimensional transient seepage example, and the numerical results agree well with the analytical solution. Then, the robustness and accuracy of the HM-SPD coupling model are verified by a biaxial compression experiment. The numerical results agree well with those of RFPA. In addition, the effects of positioning parameters, homogeneity index and confining pressure on rock fracture are also studied. Numerical results show that with the increase in positioning parameters, homogeneity index and confining pressure, the peak strength and peak strain of the sample gradually increase.