Combustion characteristics of tri-fuel (diesel-ethanol-biodiesel) emulsion fuels in CI engine with micro-explosion phenomenon attributes

•Combustion characteristics of tri-fuel emulsion is experimentally investigated.•Combustion stability is acknowledged by the level of combustion cyclic variations.•Combustion pressure and heat release rate manifested evidence of micro-explosion.•Ignition delay period of tri-fuel emulsions is shorter than diesel under no-load conditions. Diesel engines are on the verge of extinction due to strict emission regulations. The current work is part of the initiative on the fuel-based modification for combustion, performance, and emissions improvement. The objective of the study was to investigate the combustion characteristics of tri-fuel emulsions with secondary atomization attribute known as the micro-explosion phenomenon. In this study, alternative fuel for CI engines called tri-fuel emulsions was prepared using Hielscher Ultrasonic Processor UP400S. Three different samples of tri-fuel emulsion, namely E5B5D90 (5% ethanol and 5% biodiesel), E10B10D80 (10% ethanol and 10% biodiesel), and E15B15D70 (15% ethanol and 15% biodiesel) were selected to be further investigated based on selection criteria which the same authors previously published. A single-cylinder diesel engine was set up to attain tri-fuel emulsions combustion characteristics. The combustion characteristics were investigated by installing Optrand fiber optic-based pressure transducer model Auto-PSI C82294-Q to obtain the in-cylinder pressure reading. The Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP), Coefficient of Variable (COV) of IMEP, Heat Release Rate (HRR), and Ignition delay were analyzed from the in-cylinder pressure. The average combustion characteristics result has offered a positive outcome when the engine was running with no load. The heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure of tri-fuel emulsion during the ignition delay period has exceeded that of diesel. The peak of heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure of the tri-fuel emulsions have improved compared to that of diesel.