Postcranial Morphology of the Extinct Rodent Neoepiblema (Rodentia: Chinchilloidea): Insights Into the Paleobiology of Neoepiblemids

In this paper, we study the postcranial morphology (humerus, ulna, innominate, femur, tibia, astragalus, navicular, and metatarsal III) of Neoepiblema , a giant Late Miocene South American rodent, searching for evidence about its paleobiology based on unpublished specimens from Solimões Formation (Upper Miocene, Brazil) . The study includes a morphofunctional analysis of the postcranial bones and a comparison with extant and extinct rodents, especially Phoberomys . The morphofunctional analysis of the postcranial bones suggests that Neoepiblema (as well as Phoberomys ) would have a crouched forelimb that was not fully extended, with powerful pectoral and triceps musculature, and able to produce movements of pronation/supination and possibly with a hand able to grasp. The combination of characters of the innominate bone, femur, and tibia indicates a predominance of parasagittal movements and a thigh with powerful musculature used during propulsion. In sum, the analyzed postcranial features are consistent with the limb morphology of ambulatory rodents, but with faculty to dig or swim. The sedimentary evidence of the localities in which fossils of neoepiblemids have been found suggests that these rodents lived in wet and water-related environments (near swamps, lakes, and/or rivers). Graphical abstract