Kinetic Behavior of the Anion Intercalation/De-intercalation into the Graphite Electrode in Organic Solution

Electrochemical anion intercalation/de-intercalation into the graphite electrode generally takes place at high electrode potential of over 4.5 V (Li+/Li), so it is attractive as the positive electrode reaction for the post lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the kinetic behavior of the anion intercalation reaction in the organic solution is studied. The interfacial activation energy of anion species is as low as about 25 kJ mol−1, which is much lower than that of Li+-ion. The result means the anion intercalation reaction is essentially fast and therefore, it is suitable for the high power batteries. In addition, the activation energy is not influenced by the solvation ability in the solution and from the result, we conclude that the interfacial activation barrier will exist on the graphite electrode side, contrary to the Li+-ion case.