Ecological responses to variation in seasonal snow cover

Seasonal snow is among the most important factors governing the ecology of many terrestrial ecosystems, but rising global temperatures are changing snow regimes and driving widespread declines in the depth and duration of snow cover. Loss of the insulating snow layer will fundamentally change the environment. Understanding how individuals, populations, and communities respond to different snow conditions is thus essential for predicting and managing future ecosystem change. We synthesized 365 studies that examined ecological responses to variation in winter snow conditions. This research encompasses a broad range of methods (experimental manipulations, measurement of natural snow gradients, and long‐term monitoring), locations (35 countries), study organisms (plants, mammals, arthropods, birds, fish, lichen, and fungi), and response measures. Earlier snowmelt was consistently associated with advanced spring phenology in plants, mammals, and arthropods. Reduced snow depth often increased mortality or physical injury in plants, although there were few clear effects on animals. Neither snow depth nor snowmelt timing had clear or consistent directional effects on body size of animals or biomass of plants. However, because 96% of studies were from the northern hemisphere, the generality of these trends across ecosystems and localities is also unclear. We identified substantial research gaps for several taxonomic groups and response types; research on wintertime responses was notably scarce. Future research should prioritize examination of the mechanisms underlying responses to changing snow conditions and the consequences of those responses for seasonally snow‐covered ecosystems. Respuestas Ecológicas a la Variación de la Cobertura Estacional de Nieve Resumen La nieve estacional se encuentra entre los factores más importantes que determinan la ecología de muchos ecosistemas terrestres, pero las crecientes temperaturas mundiales están cambiando los sistemas de nieve y causando declinaciones generalizadas en la profundidad y la duración de la capa de nieve. La pérdida de la capa de nieve aislante cambiará fundamentalmente el ambiente. El entendimiento de cómo los individuos, las poblaciones y las comunidades responden a las diferentes condiciones de nieve es esencial para predecir y manejar los cambios del ecosistema en el futuro. Sintetizamos 365 estudios que examinaron las respuestas ecológicas a la variación en las condiciones invernales de nieve. Esta investi