Green remediation of pharmaceutical wastes using biochar: a review

Pharmaceutical waste generation in domestic and industrial discharges is a major challenge requiring adapted treatment solutions. Antibiotics, pain killers, lifesaving drugs, birth control pills, and tetracycline are released by human activities. Biochar has recently drawn attention as an adsorbents to remove pharmaceutical pollutants. Here we review biochar applications for the treatment of tetracycline, sulfonamides, quinolones and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We discuss production methods, biochar properties, post-treatment methods and agents for biochar activation, adsorption mechanisms involved, performance of the biochar with respect to the sorbate, and operating conditions. Biochars from renewable materials show 100% recovery of pharmaceutical pollutants. Unlike other adsorbents, biochar can be recycled up to 8 times with a very low decline of efficiency. The highest recoveries of pharmaceutical pollutants using biochars is 1163 mg/g for tetracycline by biochar from Eucommia ulmoides ; 400 mg/g for sulfamethoxazole with sugarcane bagasse biochar; 596 mg/g for naproxen by peanut shell biochar, and 698.6 mg/g for norfloxacin by corncob-derived biochar.