Numerical analysis of lithium-ion battery thermal management system using phase change material assisted by liquid cooling method

•Optimisation of PCM based cooling coupled with liquid cooling system.•System weight and consumption of different configurations is evaluated.•Suggesting a 2-sided cold plates hybrid system for BTMS of pouch cells.•Suggested hybrid BTMS can withstand cell-to-cell variation of battery cells. In this paper, a novel design for hybrid battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is proposed and evaluated from the economic and engineering perspectives. Numerical models are compared with phase change materials (PCM) BTMS. Further, the suggested hybrid cooling system’s thermal performance at the pack level is investigated considering cell-to-cell variation. A three-dimensional thermal model is used for the numerical simulation of the battery cooling system. The probability distributions is utilised for the cell-to-cell variations of a 168-cell battery pack. Results shows that for a 53 Ah lithium-ion battery (LIB) under a 5C discharge rate, a hybrid cooling system with two-sided cold plates can reduce the maximum temperature from ∼64 ∘C to 46.3 ∘C with acceptable system weight and power consumption, which is used for further pack level simulation. It is concluded that the two-sided cold plate hybrid design system can manage the maximum average temperature as well as temperature difference of cells in the desirable range at extreme cases.