Performance of functionalized bacterial as bio-adsorbent for intensifying heavy metal uptake from wastewater: A review study

Pollutant risen by metal ions in industrial effluent is the main environmental challenges of human life. Notwithstanding the universal economic crisis providing cost-effective and efficient methods to remove pollutants is an essential need of human society. The adsorption method is extensively utilized owing to its mutability to design, reversibility, low cost, and effective and desirable results; therefore, the need to achieve environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbents to remove these metals is more than ever. Most recently, the use of microorganisms as inexpensive sorbents has avowed consideration that among them bacteria, due to their unique features such as their certain compounds in the cell wall, Peptidoglycan, and the influence of FGs, carboxyl, amines, and phosphonates, has led to the excellent biosorption potential for bacteria. In addition to examining different methods of removing heavy metals, this study addresses the utilization of bacteria as bio-sorbents for metals uptake, the dangers, and the origin of heavy metals. Furthermore, bacterial biomass's thermodynamic, isotherm, and kinetic demeanors of the heavy metal ion biosorption method have been investigated.