How do landscape elements affect public health in subtropical high-density city: The pathway through the neighborhood physical environmental factors

Purposes of this study are to explore associations between neighborhood landscape elements and public health in a subtropical high-density urban context, elucidate mediating effects of physical environmental factors, and propose corresponding neighborhood renewal strategies. Nine sampling sites were selected in Guangzhou, China, and public health data were collected from 438 participating residents using the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36 scale). Landscape elements of the neighborhoods, including greenness, blue spaces, walking trail systems, public squares, garden architecture, and dedicated sports spaces were mapped by unmanned aerial vehicle surveys. Seven physical environmental factors were measured: the heat stress index (HSI), relative humidity (RH), average wind speed (AWS), negative oxygen ions (NOI),