The imperativeness of biomass energy consumption to the environmental sustainability of the United States revisited

The predicament of increasing environmental issues in the last few decades has increased the interest in clean energy sources. Some recently created sources of energy, for example, biomass energy, may decrease environmental pressure. This study aimed to uncover the causality between biomass energy consumption (BEC) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission in the United States (U.S.) using the bootstrap Granger full-sample and sub-sample rolling window estimates method for the period 1981M01 to 2019M12. A one-way relationship was indicated, from biomass energy consumption to CO 2 emissions, using the Granger causality test. The durability of the estimated vector autoregressive (VAR) model has been calculated by considering the structural changes. The results show that BEC has both positive and negative effects on CO 2 emissions in sub-samples, and CO 2 emissions also show a causative relationship with biomass energy consumption. These outcomes can help policymakers consider biomass energy a perfect wellspring of energy to acquire environmental sustainability and energy security.