Efficient knockout of the phytoene desaturase gene in a hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system with a single gRNA

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used for genome editing in several plant species; however, there are few reports on its use in trees. Here, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to mutate a target gene in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa hybrid poplars. The hybrid poplar is routinely used in molecular biological studies due to the well-established Agrobacterium -mediated transformation method. A single guide RNA (sgRNA) with reported high mutation efficiency in other popular species was designed with a protospacer adjacent motif sequence for the phytoene desaturase 1 ( PagPDS1 ) gene. The pHSE/Cas9- PagPDS1 sgRNA vector was delivered into hybrid poplar cells using Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. The transgenic plants were propagated and classified them into three groups according to their phenotypes. Among a total of 110 lines of transgenic hybrid poplars, 82 lines showed either an albino or a pale green phenotype, indicating around 74.5% phenotypic mutation efficiency of the PagPDS1 gene. The albino phenotypes were observed when the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations in both PagPDS1 alleles in the transgenic plants. There was no off-target modification of the PagPDS2 gene, which has a potential sgRNA target sequence with two mismatches. The results confirmed that the sgRNA can specifically edit PagPDS1 rather than PagPDS2 , indicating that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing can effectively induce target mutations in the hybrid poplar. This technique will be useful to improve tree quality in hybrid poplars ( P. alba × P. glandulosa ); for example, by enhancing biomass or stress tolerance.