Exploring the Effects of Rooftop Mitigation Strategies on Urban Temperatures and Energy Consumption

This paper describes and evaluates physical parameterizations accounting for the effect of rooftop mitigation strategies (RMSs) on the urban environment, in the context of the mesoscale model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). Through the new implementation, the sensitivity of near‐surface air temperature and building energy consumption to different RMSs is evaluated by means of numerical simulations in idealized urban areas, for typical summer and winter conditions. Rooftop mitigation strategies considered include cool roofs, green roofs, and rooftop photovoltaic panels. The reference case simulations are performed assuming buildings made by bricks, with roof composed of clay tiles. Results indicate that near‐surface air temperature is reduced by cool and green roofs during summer: cool roofs are the most efficient in decreasing air temperature, followed by irrigated green roofs. Photovoltaic panels, instead, induce a temperature increase during daytime and a small decrease during nighttime. Cool roofs reveal to be the most efficient strategy in reducing the energy consumption by air conditioning systems. During wintertime, green roofs maintain a higher near‐surface air temperature than clay tile roofs and largely decrease energy consumption. Even PVPs increase air temperature, as in the summer case. On the other hand, cool roofs reduce near‐surface air temperature during daytime, inducing an increase in energy consumption. The results presented here show that the parameterization schemes implemented in the WRF model can be a valuable tool to evaluate the effects of mitigation strategies in the urban environment. Plain Language Summary The increasing number and duration of heatwaves is increasing the heat stress for people living in the cities, and largely increase the use of energy resources. To face this problem, the deployment of rooftop mitigation strategies (RMSs) such as cool roofs, green roofs, and rooftop photovoltaic panels is starting to be adopted worldwide, with the aim of improving thermal comfort for citizens and diminishing the energy demand for heating/cooling of buildings. This article presents the implementation of new numerical schemes, to consider the effect of the above‐mentioned roof mitigation strategies on the urban environment, incorporated in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Different urban configurations have been investigated, varying the height of the buildings and t