The evolution of structure and properties in GdMn(1−x)TixO3 ceramics

In this work, the effects of Ti doping on the microstructure, dielectric, and magnetic properties of GdMn (1− x ) Ti x O 3 ( x = 0.00–0.15) ceramic samples synthesized using a solid-state reaction were investigated. All the experimental samples formed a single-phase structure, and no structural transformation occurred within the experimental doping range; however, Ti doping caused lattice shrinkage. Ti doping reduced the grain size, and the microstructure of the synthesized samples appeared more compact in scanning electron microscopy images. The lattice distortion of GdMn (1− x ) Ti x O 3 caused by Ti substitution at the Mn sites resulted in changes in the Raman vibration modes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the valence state transition of the Ti and Mn ions occurred and the concentration of Ti 4+ , Mn 3+ ions and oxygen vacancies changed due to the charge compensation induced by Ti doping. Ti doping had a significant influence on the size and concentration of cation vacancies in the GdMn (1− x ) Ti x O 3 samples. Appropriate Ti doping was shown to reduce the dielectric loss, improve the frequency stability of the dielectric constant, and significantly affect the long-range ordering of Gd 3+ magnetic moments and clearly reduce magnetization.