Minimal Non-invertible Maps on the Pseudo-Circle

In this article we show that R.H. Bing’s pseudo-circle admits a minimal non-invertible map. This resolves a conjecture raised by Bruin, Kolyada and Snoha in the negative. The main tool is a variant of the Denjoy–Rees technique, further developed by Béguin–Crovisier–Le Roux, combined with detailed study of the structure of the pseudo-circle. This is the first example of a planar 1-dimensional space that admits both minimal homeomorphisms and minimal noninvertible maps.