Marangoni Convective Flow of GO-kerosene- and GO-water-based Casson Nanoliquid Toward a Penetrable Riga Surface

This study investigates the specification of Casson nanofluid due to Marangoni convection on a Riga plate with suction and injection effects. Water and kerosene oil is exercised as ordinary base liquids for nanoparticles, while graphene oxide (GO) is the solid nanoparticle. Thermal stratification and viscous dissipation are introduced in the energy expression. The fluid problem is mathematically modeled with the pack of assumptions. Some adjusted transformations are used to modify the high system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The fashionable analytical approach homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied for the solution of the modified system of ODEs via MATHEMATICA software. Characteristics of velocity and temperature in the light of impressive parameters such as the Casson parameter, nanoparticles solid volume fraction, modified Hartmann number, Eckert number, stratification parameter, Prandtl number, and suction/injection parameter are precisely scrutinized. A substantial upward trend is noted for both types of nanofluid velocities (GO-water and GO-kerosene oil) under the increasing actions of the Hartmann number, while the suction parameter suppresses both types of velocities after a short notice. GO-kerosene oil-based nanofluid shows dominant behavior against GO-water nanofluid in terms of velocity, temperature distribution, and rate of heat transfer at the surface.