Stability analysis of the thermocline thermal energy storage system during high flow rates for solar process heating applications

•Thermocline stability is analyzed for the thermocline thermal energy storage tank.•The low and high flow rates of heat transfer fluid is illuminated/solved with the Laminar and k-ε turbulent model.•The stability of the thermocline is analyzed with the assistance of newly introduced non-dimensional parameters.•Effect of Reynolds number and the Effect of wall boundary conditions are evaluated.•Flow velocity must be less to increase the discharge efficiency. The thermal energy storage system is a pivotal system for solar thermal plants for improving reliability. The stability in the thermocline is more significant to clarify and improve the performance of thermal energy storage tank which legitimately shows the quality of the thermocline. In this stability analysis investigation, the modern engineering energy storage material concrete was used as a filler material for high-temperature thermal energy storage applications as a result of the intrinsic properties. A comprehensive laminar and k-ε turbulent flow energy transport model accounts for the heat transfer fluid and filler material with adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions using LTNE (Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium model). The axial, radial, and diagonal temperature differences were identified which was used to calculate the stability of the thermocline. A thermal energy storage tank size of 1 m height and 0.250 m diameter with a 0.030 m size of filler material packed with an average porosity of 0.3 for the storage capacity of 150 kWh/m3 is used for solar process heating applications considered for the present study. The thermocline stabilities are performed with Reynolds numbers, Re varied from 1 to 3000. It is found that the Re = 1 provides better stability in the axial and radial direction as well as diagonal than other Reynolds number. It is observed that Re = 1 provides superior discharging efficiency for nearly 5.84 hrs which is highly suitable for solar process heating applications and the discharging efficiency consistently drops, when Re increases from 1 to 3000. The wall condition of the tank and velocity of the heat transfer fluid is highly disturbing the thermocline in the radial direction and it creates a ‘spike’ profile in the axial direction. Based on the newly introduced stability scale, the effective length of packing and timing to achieve stability is identified for H/D = 4. From that result, the top and bottom layer of the thermocline tank porosity is also found which is used to decide