Differences in cerebrovascular regulation and ventilatory responses during ramp incremental cycling in children, adolescents, and adults

This is the first study to observe similar increases in cerebral blood flow during incremental exercise in adolescents and adults. Increases in cerebral blood flow during exercise were smaller in children compared with adolescents and adults and were associated with a greater V̇ E /V̇co 2 slope. This study also provides the first evidence on the progressive development of the regulatory role of end-tidal CO 2 on cerebral blood flow during exercise during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Regulation of cerebral blood flow during exercise in youth is poorly understood. This study investigated the cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to a ramp incremental cycle test to exhaustion in 14 children (means ± SD age: 9.4 ± 0.9 yr), 14 adolescents (12.4 ± 0.4 yr), and 19 adults (23.4 ± 2.5 yr). Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), partial pressure of end-tidal CO 2 ([Formula: see text]), and ventilatory parameters were analyzed at baseline, gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and exhaustion. The increase in minute ventilation relative to CO 2 production during exercise was also calculated (V̇e/V̇co 2 slope). Relative change from baseline (Δ%) in MCAv was lower in children, compared with adolescents and adults at GET [15 ± 10% vs. 26 ± 14%, and 24 ± 10%, respectively, P ≤ 0.03, effect size ( d) = 0.9] and RCP (13 ± 11% vs. 24 ± 16% and 27 ± 15%, respectively, P ≤ 0.05, d ≥ 0.8). Δ%MCAv was similar in adults and adolescents at all intensities and similar in all groups at exhaustion. The magnitude of the V̇ E /V̇co 2 slope was negatively associated with Δ%MCAv at GET and RCP across all participants ( P ≤ 0.01, r = −0.37 to −0.48). Δ%[Formula: see text] was smaller in children and adolescents compared with adults at GET and RCP ( P ≤ 0.05, d ≥ 0.6). In children, Δ%[Formula: see text] and Δ%MCAv were not associated from baseline-GET ( r¯ = 0.14) and were moderately associated from RCP-exhaustion ( r¯ = 0.49). These relationships strengthened with increasing age and were stronger in adolescents (baseline-GET: r¯ = 0.47, RCP-exhaustion: r¯ = 0.62) and adults (baseline-GET: r¯ = 0.66, RCP-exhaustion: r¯ = 0.78). These findings provide the first evidence on the development of the regulatory role of [Formula: see text] on MCAv during exercise in children, adolescents, and adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to observe similar increases in cerebral blood flow during incremental exercise in adolescents and a