Local and remote forcing effects of oceanic eddies in the subtropical front zone on the mid-latitude atmosphere in Winter

Multiple oceanic eddies coexist in the North Pacific subtropical front zone (STFZ) in winter, which can be classified into the isolated single eddies, the combined double isotropic eddies and pairs of anisotropic eddies. The forcings of these eddies on the mid-latitude atmosphere are investigated using Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data from year 1979 to 2009, which are divided into the remote and local effects in this research. In the years with a stronger subtropical front, there are more cyclonic isolated and double eddies to the north, more anticyclonic isolated and double eddies to the south of the STFZ, and more eddy pairs with cold to the north and warm to the south concentrated around the main axis of the STFZ. These eddy distributions enhance the strength of the subtropical front, intensify the propagation of upwards baroclinic waves in the lower atmosphere, and finally enhance the zonal wind at upper atmosphere, which is defined as the remote effects of the eddies. However, distinct from this basin-scale remote forcings, three types of oceanic eddies also have different local forcings on the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) above and on the middle atmosphere as expressed in local precipitation difference. The local effects of the isolated single eddies and combined double isotropic eddies take place near the eddy center, whereas that of the pairs of anisotropic eddies at the boundary of the two eddies.