Development of Quality Characteristics of Pasta Enriched with Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Flour and Resistant Starch Type 4

Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is a leguminous seed with a good source of protein, dietary fiber, fat, and is an alternative to soybean. Resistant starch, a prebiotic dietary fiber, cannot be digested in the small intestine; can help prevent diabetes, some cancer types, obesity, intestinal diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, 15% lupin flour (debittered by traditional method and ultrasound application) and 10% resistant starch type 4 (RS4) were used in pasta production to improve its nutritional quality. The effects of vital gluten and/or transglutaminase on color, cooking quality, thermal and sensory properties of pasta containing lupin flour and RS4 were investigated. Ultrasound application had no adverse impact on the color L*, a*, b*, water uptake, cooking loss, thermal and sensory (color, taste, odor, appearance, stickiness and overall acceptability) properties of pasta samples compared to traditional lupin debittering method. Compared to 100% semolina pasta, addition of lupin flour and RS4 revealed a higher b* value, cooking loss and gelatinization onset temperature, and lower volume increase, firmness and gelatinization enthalpy values in pasta. The use of additives (vital gluten, transglutaminase and vital gluten + transglutaminase) improved the volume increase, cooking loss and firmness values of pasta containing 15% lupin flour + 10% RS4. The lowest cooking loss values were obtained in 100% semolina pasta (4.62%) as well as pasta samples supplemented with vital gluten (4.82%) and vital gluten + transglutaminase (4.90%). The color, taste and odor scores of 15% lupin flour + 10% RS4 pasta samples prepared with additives were close to each other. The addition of vital gluten and vital gluten + transglutaminase presented similar overall acceptability scores to 100% semolina pasta (P>0.05). Bir baklagil tanesi olan lüpen (Lupinus albus L.), iyi bir protein, diyet lifi, yağ kaynağı olmasıyla birlikte soya fasulyesi için bir alternatiftir. Prebiyotik bir diyet lifi olan dirençli nişasta, ince bağırsakta sindirilemez; diyabet, bazı kanser çeşitleri, obezite, bağırsak hastalıkları ve kardiyo vasküler hastalıkların önlenmesine yardımcı olabilir. Bu çalışmada; besinsel özelliklerini geliştirmek için, makarna üretiminde %15 oranında lüpen unu (geleneksel yöntem ve ultrason uygulaması ile acılığı giderilmiş) ve %10 oranında tip 4 dirençli nişasta (DN4) kullanılmıştır. Vital gluten ve/veya transglutaminazın, lüpen unu ve DN4 içeren makarnanın renk, p