Local and Regional Staging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Chinese-style salted fish and other preserved foods contain high levels of volatile nitrosamine, a carcinogen that contributes to the development of many cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [7] Similar to many other squamous cell carcinomas in the head and neck region, the TNM staging system is applied in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Axial T2 images showing in T2 disease, the tumour isusually quite large. [...]compression of Eustachian tube andoccurrence of mastoid effusion may be seen. [9] Figure 8. (a) Axial T1-weighted non-contrast magnetic resonance images showing decreased T1 marrow signal at the right side of clivus(arrow). (b) Sagittal T1 non-contrast image. (c) The sagittal post-contrast magnetic resonance image shows contrast enhancement of theclivus (arrows), suggestive of tumour invasion and hence T3 disease.