Machine Learning (ML)‐Assisted Design and Fabrication for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have attracted great interest due to their capability of generating electricity directly from sunlight. Machine learning (ML) is a technique for computer to learn how to perform a specific task using known data. It can be used in many areas and has become a hot research topic recently due to the rapid accumulation of data and advancement of computer hardware. The application of ML techniques in the design and fabrication of solar cells started slowly but has recently gained tremendous momentum. An exhaustive compilation of the literatures indicates that all the major aspects in the research and development of solar cells can be effectively assisted by ML techniques. If combined with other tools and fed with additional theoretical and experimental data, more accurate and robust results can be achieved from ML techniques. The aspects can be grouped into four categories: prediction of material properties, optimization of device structures, optimization of fabrication processes, and reconstruction of measurement data. A statistical analysis of the literatures shows that artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) are the two most applied ML techniques and the topics in the optimization of device structures and optimization of fabrication processes are more popular. This article can be used as a reference by all PV researchers who are interested in ML techniques. The application of ML techniques in the design and fabrication of solar cells started slowly but has recently gained tremendous momentum. ML techniques have been demonstrated to be very effective in assisting the design and fabrication of solar cells when data are properly collected. The application of ML techniques not only reduces the cost and time, but also sometimes can lead to better properties and higher performances. This article presents a comprehensive review on the design and fabrication of solar cells assisted by ML techniques.