Exploiting abstractions for grammar‐based learning of complex multi‐agent behaviours

This paper presents a grammar‐based evolutionary approach that incorporates ions to learn complex collective behaviours through their simpler representations. We propose modifications to the grammar syntax design and genome structure to facilitate evolution of ions in separate genome partitions. Two ion techniques based on behavioural decomposition and environmental scaffolding are presented to derive these simpler representations. Parallel and incremental learning architectures incorporated with grammatical evolution (GE) are investigated with three complex problems to evaluate their potential in generating collective multi‐agent behaviours. The results infer that both learning architectures surpass a generic GE model in performance for evolving complex behaviours. Furthermore, using environmental scaffolding reduces the robustness of the model than when only the behavioural decomposition technique is used. However, it has more potential to generate solutions with better fitness than when scaffoldings are not used. The evaluations suggest that, by incorporating ion learning architectures with grammar‐based evolution can significantly improve the performance of an agent system in complex problem domains.