Element concentration, daily intake of elements, and health risk indices of wild mushrooms collected from Belgrad Forest and Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Turkey)

The aim of this study was to determine the element content of wild edible and inedible mushroom species ( Agaricus campestris , Armillaria ostoyae , Boletus reticulatus , Bondarzewia mesenterica , Bovistella utriformis , Cantharellus cibarius , Marasmius oreades , Megacollybia platyphylla , Meripilus giganteus , Neoboletus erythropus , Panellus stipticus , Phaeotremella foliacea , Pleurotus ostreatus , Podoscypha multizonata , Russula aurea , R. chloroides , R. virescens , T. versicolor , Trametes gibbose , and Trichaptum biforme ) collected from the Belgrad Forests and the Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Based on the results of elemental analyses, daily metal intake (DMI) and health risk index (HRI) values of edible mushrooms collected from both localities were also calculated. As, Cd, Cr, Se, P, Hg, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, and K contents of mushrooms were in the ranges of 0.16–3.45, 0.09–2.4, 0.15–2.34, 0.3–8.13, 0.28–11.44, 14.03–37.81, 3.87–108.57, 6.18–149.77, 11.9–776.1, 5.4–317.4, 7.4–355.2, 15.4–3517.3, 266.0–2500.0, and 628.0–24083.0 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of the DMI and HRI analyses, Cu concentration of B. utriformis (DMI: 46.53 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.16) and Cd concentrations of A. campestris (DMI: 0.49 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.36), A. ostoyae (DMI: 1.03 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 2.86), B. utriformis (DMI: 0.52 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.44), and P. ostreatus (DMI: 0.45 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.24) were found to exceed the legal limits determined by authorities. It was concluded that the species collected from the regions in question should be consumed in a controlled manner.