Wearable Real-Time Haptic Biofeedback Foot Progression Angle Gait Modification to Assess Short-Term Retention and Cognitive Demand

Foot progression angle gait (FPA) modification is an important part of rehabilitation for a variety of neuromuscular and musculoskeletal diseases. While wearable haptic biofeedback could enable FPA gait modification for more widespread use than traditional tethered, laboratory-based approaches, retention, and cognitive demand in FPA gait modification via wearable haptic biofeedback are currently unknown and may be important to real-life implementation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of wearable haptic biofeedback to assess short-term retention and cognitive demand during FPA gait modification. Ten healthy participants performed toe-in (target 10 degrees change in internal rotation) and toe-out (target 10 degrees change in external rotation) haptic gait training trials followed by short-term retention trials, and cognitive multitasking trials. Results showed that participants were able to initially respond to the wearable haptic feedback to modify their FPA to adopt the new toe-in (9.7 ± 0.8 degree change in internal rotation) and toe-out (8.9 ± 1.0 degree change in external rotation) gait patterns. Participants retained the modified gait pattern on average within 3.9 ± 3.6 deg of the final haptic gait training FPA values. Furthermore, cognitive multitasking did not influence short-term retention in that there were no differences in gait performance during retention trials with or without cognitive multitasking. These results demonstrate that wearable haptic biofeedback can be used to assess short-term retention and cognitive demand during FPA gait modification without the need for traditional, tethered systems.