Evaluation of the Climate Change Impact on Urban Heat Island Based on Land Surface Temperature and Geospatial Indicators

Population pressure, infrastructural development, and economic growth are the reasons for increasing urbanization process although urban expansion. Land-use change, vegetation degradation, and also climate change are the results of urban heat island (UHI). Land surface temperature (LST) is an essential aspect of global climate change studies, calculating radiation budgets, heat balance studies, and also estimating the climate change scenario. In this study, investigate the UHI using thermal remote-sensing data. Satellite thermal data are used to calculate the thermal variation in Kolkata metropolitan and surrounding area. The remote-sensing technique is used to detect land use in 2020 using supervised classification, calculation of LST, and variation of mean LST from this region. The maximum and minimum temperatures are 33 °C and 18 °C individually. This study analyzes the LST distribution correlation with different spectral indicator. The relationship between NDVI and SAVI results shows negative correlation (R 2 0.20 and 0.15, respectively) because of vegetation area effect on urban expansion. The urban heat island shows positive relation between LST and NDBI and UI because of urbanization and industrial development. The R 2 values are show 0.61 and 0.27, respectively. The relationship between MNDWI and NDBal is showing 0.0003 and 0.04 individually. Kolkata metropolitan and surrounding urban areas are increased temperature due to urbanization, climate change and global warming and overuse of public vehicles. The UHI was increased due to anthropological activities. This study helps to identify the recent thermal variation of this area and build a proper management and planning for sustainable urban development.