Static recrystallization of pure titanium after cryo-deformation

Commercially-pure (CP) titanium was first processed via cryogenic deformation to activate high-density deformation twins, and was subsequently annealed at 500°C to induce static recrystallization (SRX). Two types of twins were mainly activated during cryogenic deformation, i.e., {11 2 ¯ 2} contraction twins and {10 1 ¯ 2} extension twins. Multiple point-like twins were also present because the growth of twins was remarkably impeded at the low temperature. During annealing the recrystallization mechanisms were identified to be {11 2 ¯ 2} and {10 1 ¯ 2} twinning induced SRX. The point-like twins could effectively promote the occurrence of SRX. The grains were significantly refined from ∼40 to ∼2.7 μm while a few {11 2 ¯ 2} and {10 1 ¯ 2} TBs still retained with the same twinning angle/axis relationship during annealing.