High Mobility Group Box 1 Release by Cholangiocytes Governs Biliary Atresia Pathogenesis and Correlates With Increases in Afflicted Infants

Background and Aims Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating cholangiopathy of infancy. Upon diagnosis, surgical reconstruction by Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy (HPE) restores biliary drainage in a subset of patients, but most patients develop fibrosis and progress to end‐stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation for survival. In the murine model of BA, rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infection of newborn pups results in a cholangiopathy paralleling that of human BA. High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an important member of the danger‐associated molecular patterns capable of mediating inflammation during infection‐associated responses. In this study, we investigated the role of HMGB1 in BA pathogenesis. Approach and Results In cholangiocytes, RRV induced the expression and release of HMGB1 through the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and inhibition of p38 blocked HMGB1 release. Treatment of cholangiocytes with ethyl pyruvate suppressed the release of HMGB1. Administration of glycyrrhizin in vivo decreased symptoms and increased survival in the murine model of BA. HMGB1 levels were measured in serum obtained from infants with BA enrolled in the PROBE and START studies conducted by the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network. High HMGB1 levels were found in a subset of patients at the time of HPE. These patients had higher bilirubin levels 3 months post‐HPE and a lower survival of their native liver at 2 years. Conclusions These results suggest that HMGB1 plays a role in virus induced BA pathogenesis and could be a target for therapeutic interventions in a subset of patients with BA and high HMGB1.