Micronutrient Adequacy and Food Source of Micronutrients Among Indonesian Women Aged 19–49 Years

Background/Aims: The objective of this study was to analyze micronutrient adequacy and food sources of those micronutrients by Indonesian women aged 19–49 years old. Methods: This research was conducted by analyzing secondary data of Total Diet Study of the Ministry of Health of Indonesia 2014, obtained through a 24-h food recall method. Total number of adult women aged 19–49 years of these data after applying inclusive and exclusive criteria was 31,746 from all provinces of Indonesia. The micronutrients analyzed include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc. The nutrient requirement from Institute of Medicine were used as benchmark. Results: The results showed that the adequacy of vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc were less than two-third (65%) of its requirement. The five largest food contributors for vitamin A was chicken eggs, palm oil, carrots, water spinach, and chicken. While for vitamin C was cassava leaves, long bean, tomatoes, orange and papaya. The five largest food contributors for calcium intake were rice, tofu, mixed-soybean tempeh, unsalted anchovy, and pure-soybean tempeh. Rice, spinach, tofu, chicken eggs, and wheat flour were the five largest contributors for iron intake. Rice, mackerel tuna, wheat flour, soybean tempeh, and chicken meat were the five foods contributed greatly to zinc. Conclusion: This implies that the Indonesian woman diet need to be improved, especially by increasing the intake of animal foods, fruit and vegetables, which are rich in micronutrients.