Development of eco-friendly paving block incorporating co-burning palm oil-processed tea waste ash

The present study explores the development of eco-friendly paving block incorporating co-burning palm oil-processed tea waste ash (POPTA). POPTA was collected from the local tea processing plants and used to manufacture paving block at a local paving block industry with dosages ranging from 10 to 60% by cement weight. The properties of the paving block were investigated, including bulk density and compressive strength. Results show that the POPTA produced a lighter weight paving block. It also decreased the compressive strength of the paving block. Incorporating up to 40% of POPTA as cement replacement satisfied the minimum standard compressive strength requirements for the Class D paving block according to SNI-03-0691-1996. Utilization of POPTA in production paving block could mitigate the landfilling of this by-product and lead to the development of eco-friendly and economical construction materials.