Arsenic and Fluoride in Groundwater, Prevalence and Alternative Removal Approach

Contamination of drinking water by arsenic and fluoride is a global problem, as more than 300 million people in more than 100 countries have been affected by their presence. These elements are considered the most serious contaminants in drinking water and their removal is a worldwide concern. Therefore, the evaluation of three alternative approaches—electrocoagulation, adsorption by biomaterials, and adsorption by metal oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)—was performed for arsenic and fluoride removal from groundwater. Arsenic removal from synthetic and groundwater (well water) was accomplished with the three processes; meanwhile, fluoride removal from groundwater was only reported by two methods. The results indicate that an electrocoagulation process is a good option for As (>97%) and F (>90%) removal in co-occurrence; however, the operational conditions for the removal of both pollutants must be driven by those used for fluoride removal. As (80–83%) and F (>90%) removal with the biomaterials was also successful, even when the application objective was fluoride removal. Finally, MNPs (Co and Mn) were designed and applied only for arsenic removal and reached >95%. Factors such as the pH, the presence of interfering ions, and the initial concentration of the contaminants are decisive in the treatment process’s efficiency.