Robust 3D mesh zero-watermarking based on spherical coordinate and Skewness measurement

As the great advance in technology, 3D models are commonly used in multiple fields such as healthcare, filmdom, interactive entertainment, and construction industry. To prevent 3D data from unauthorized access and illegal tampering, we aim to propose a brand-new zero-watermarking technique based on the transformation of spherical coordinate and skewness of angle statistic. Without distorting the quality of 3D object, the main challenge in zero-watermarking is the robust feature selection and target construction. Since we have adopted the skewness measure of the spherical angle to be the resilient feature, the robustness can be highly enhanced. According to experimental results, the new method can stay stable under common signal processing operations such as translation, vertex reordering, uniform scaling, noise addition, smoothing, simplification, and cropping. This has demonstrated that the new method is suitable for the applications which need highly accurate 3D models.