Interdecadal aridity variations in Central Asia during 1950–2016 regulated by oceanic conditions under the background of global warming

As a typical inland arid and semiarid region, Central Asia (CA) is vulnerable to the forced global warming (FGW) due to anthropogenic activity. Aiming at the interdecadal variation of the FGW-forced aridity pattern (FAP) in CA, we try to extract the associated oceanic and atmospheric modes by analyzing observations, reanalysis data and multi-model simulations during 1950–2016. The FAP in CA features a tripolar pattern with wetting–drying-wetting responses arranging from southeast to northwest and shows strong interdecadal-to-interannual amplitude variations. It is found that the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical South Atlantic (TSA) well correlates with the amplitude variation of FAP on interdecadal time scale, possibly through modulating the interannual SST modes characterized by the North Atlantic horseshoe-like dipole (NAHD) and the El Ninõ and South Oscillation (ENSO). Corresponding to the enhancing FAP from the middle 1970s to early 2000s, the TSA-modulated NAHD and ENSO, together with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation-modulated Indian Ocean Dipole-like mode, show connections with an Eurasian middle-latitude wave train coupled with the North Arctic Oscillation and equatorial low, which favors the moisture transport to strengthen the tripolar FAP by forming a local circulation dipole with positive/negative anomaly over the northwest/southeast CA. But after the early 2000s, the increasing FAP amplitude is decelerated due to the interdecadal decline of TSA accompanied by the weakened/reversed relationship between FAP and the NAHD/ENSO. Because of the corresponding breakdown of the wave train, the favorable local circulation is unavailable to support the sustained enhancement of FAP. Therefore, the multiscale coupling between the above oceanic and atmospheric modes is significantly related to the characteristic of stage of the forced aridity change in CA under the background of global warming.