Rigorous Asymptotics of a KdV Soliton Gas

We analytically study the long time and large space asymptotics of a new broad class of solutions of the KdV equation introduced by Dyachenko, Zakharov, and Zakharov. These solutions are characterized by a Riemann–Hilbert problem which we show arises as the limit N → + ∞ of a gas of N -solitons. We show that this gas of solitons in the limit N → ∞ is slowly approaching a cnoidal wave solution for x → - ∞ up to terms of order O ( 1 / x ) , while approaching zero exponentially fast for x → + ∞ . We establish an asymptotic description of the gas of solitons for large times that is valid over the entire spatial domain, in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.