Pig‐a gene mutations in bone marrow granulocytes of procarbazine‐treated F344 rats

It was previously demonstrated that procarbazine (PCZ) is positive in the rat erythrocyte Pig‐a gene mutation assay. However, since mammalian erythrocytes lack genomic DNA, it was necessary to analyze nucleated bone‐marrow erythroid precursor cells to confirm that PCZ induces mutations in the Pig‐a gene (Revollo et al., Environ Mol Mutagen, 2020). In this study, the association between Pig‐a mutation and loss of GPI anchors was further strengthened and the genesis of Pig‐a mutation in PCZ‐dosed rats was evaluated by analyzing bone‐marrow granulocytes. Erythrocytes and granulocytes both originate from myeloid progenitor cells, but granulocytes contain DNA throughout their developmental stages. F344 rats were treated with three doses of 150 mg/kg PCZ; 2 weeks later, CD48‐deficient mutant phenotype bone‐marrow granulocytes (BMGs [CD11b+]) were isolated by flow‐cytometric sorting. Sequencing data showed that the CD48‐deficient mutant phenotype BMGs contained mutations in the Pig‐a gene while wild‐type BMGs did not. PCZ‐induced mutations included missense, nonsense and splice site variants; the majority of mutations were A > T, A > C, and A > G, with the mutated A on the nontranscribed DNA strand. The PCZ‐induced mutational analysis in BMGs supports the association between the phenotype measured in the Pig‐a assay and mutation in the Pig‐a gene. Also, PCZ mutation spectra were similar in bone‐marrow erythroids and BMGs, but none of the mutations detected in BMGs were the same as the erythroid precursor cell mutations from the same rats. Thus, mutations induced in the Pig‐a assay appear to be induced after commitment of myeloid progenitor cells to either the granulocyte or erythroid pathway.