There is plenty of room at the plant science: A review of nanoparticles applied to plant cultures

Because of the revolution in plant science studies, driven by nanotechnology, with the development of the concept as precision farming, which utilises, among others, nanoparticles (NP) as sensors, nano‐encapsulated fertilisers, among others, the accurate understanding of how NPs affect a plant culture becomes of paramount importance. In this way, this review addresses not only fundamental and important aspects regarding NP production and characterisation, emphasising up‐to‐date developments for these tasks, but also discusses the most recent results in terms of NP internalisation into a plant, to enlarge the comprehension of the interaction between NPs and plants. Because there is a broad horizon opened regarding nanotechnology applied to plant science, this review also presents some possible trends, indicating that there is still plenty of room for future developments. It is also an open field for more work on the effects of NPs on stress responses in plants. Because of the revolution in plant science studies, driven by nanotechnology, with the development of the concept as precision farming, which utilises, among others, nanoparticles (NPs) as sensors, nano‐encapsulated fertilisers, among others, the accurate understanding of how NPs affect a plant culture becomes of paramount importance. In this way, this review addresses not only fundamental and important aspects regarding NP production and characterisation, emphasising up‐to‐date developments for these tasks, but also discusses the most recent results in terms of NP internalisation into a plant, to enlarge the comprehension of the interaction between NPs and plants.