Biomass valorization and phytoremediation as integrated Technology for Municipal Solid Waste Management for developing economic context

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has ranked among the most detrimental global issues of the decade, where it has been induced by the population trends, urbanization, and economic growth. The majority of conventional pollution treatment methods involve high capital and maintenance costs with sophisticated instruments and technology. Biomass valorization and phytoremediation has been described to be an effective and practicable alternative for expensive, conventional engineering techniques in managing MSW and remediating contamination. Modern biomass valorization methods are promising technologies that provide effective MSW reduction, at the same time providing measures for removing pollutants from leachate with its particular focus on biochar, which is resulted by torrefaction of the perishable waste. The simultaneous ability of phytoremediation to remove many types of contaminants in leachate by significant amounts is emphasized in the context with considerations to the challenges in the sector. Phytoremediation is limited by several factors such as contaminant specificity, time consumption, and some external factors, while biochar applications are limited due to substrate specificity. The study aimed to review scientific literature to provide a platform for biomass valorization and phytoremediation integration for developing economy context. Graphical Abstract