The storage stability of Bacillus subtilis spore displaying cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis and its effect on improving the gut microbiota of mice

Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis ) spore can serve as an ideal vehicle for expressing heterologous antigens, and elicit specific immune responses by oral administration. In previous studies, we successfully constructed the recombinant B. subtilis spores expressing cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis ( C. sinensis , B.s - Cs CP), and confirmed that oral administration of B.s - Cs CP could elicit good protective immune responses in mice. In this study, Gram staining was used to observe the morphology of B.s - Cs CP in different form, and the storage of liquid spores and lyophilized spores at different temperatures was compared. The mice were orally immunized with three different doses of spores (2×10 8 , 1×10 9 , and 5×10 9 CFU/day) for three times in total at biweekly interval. Then, antibody levels of mice were measured, the safety of spores was evaluated, and the changes of gut microbiota after oral gavage of spores (1×10 9 dose) were investigated. Results showed that B. subtilis was a typical Gram-positive bacterium, and its spore had good resistance to chemical dye. Liquid B. subtilis spores resuspended in sterile water could be stored for a long time at 4 °C or below, while lyophilized spores could be well stored even at RT and better at lower temperatures. Oral administration of B. subtilis spores to mice could stimulate both local mucosal and systemic immune responses in a dose-dependent manner without toxic side effects. Besides, beneficial bacteria producing butyrate such as Odoribacter were increased, while potential pathogens such as Escherichia-Shigella were decreased in mice intestine. Therefore, our work further confirmed that B. subtilis spores expressing Cs CP could be a promising oral vaccine against C. sinensis with the advantages of stability, safety, easy storage, and promotion of intestinal health. Key Points • Recombinant CsCP B. subtilis spores could be easily preserved in either liquid or freeze-dried state. • Oral immunization of recombinant spores in mice could increase both local and system immune levels in a dose-dependent manner. • Oral administration of recombinant spores increased the number of beneficial bacteria and reduced the number of harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract of mice.