Impact of shrimp-fish polyculture practices on small-scale farmers' income in Indonesia

The polyculture practice's ecological benefits are well reported in the literature. However, studies on the impact of the polyculture practice adoption on small-scale farmers' income are scarce. This study employs the propensity score matching method to determine the polyculture practice's impact on small-scale farmers' income using randomly cross-sectional data collected from 350 farmers in Indonesia. The study proved that the adoption has significantly contributed to an increase in farmers income. The study recommends that the polyculture practice could be a model for alleviating poverty and preserving mangrove forests, thus contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly on zero poverty, hunger, decent work and economic growth, climate action and life in the coastal areas of Indonesia.