Achieving a nearly zero energy structure by a novel framework including energy recovery and conversion, carbon capture and demand response

•Investigating the energy recovery capability of the conventional generators by TEG.•Maximizing the use of renewable generators by utilizing P2G.•Modelling and using CCS as an efficient system to store the produced pollution.•Implementing an incentive based DR program for thermal and electrical loads.•Proposing a multi-objective optimization method consisting of cost and pollution. Utilizing renewable generators can solve many critical problems of electrical energy systems such as the finitude of fossil fuels. However, due to the major role of fuel-based generators to supply the load demand in the current networks and investment costs of renewable generators, some issues such as energy losses and greenhouse gasses emission still exist. In this regard, modifying the present structures can be a great solution to mitigate the mentioned drawbacks. In this paper, a novel energy framework is proposed including recovery of wasted energy, conversion of surplus power, capture the produced pollution and management of load demand to achieve minimum pollution and operational cost. To investigate the possibility of energy recovery from wasted heat, the thermoelectric generator is modelled for the first time. Moreover, the power to gas system is utilized to convert the surplus power of renewable generators and the carbon capture and storage system is connected to the conventional generators to decrease the produced pollution. Eventually, the effect of incentive based load participation for thermal and electrical loads is evaluated as an important variable in the future of the energy systems. The results validate the robustness and capability of the framework to obtain a nearly zero energy structure in which the total cost and environmental pollution are reduced by 170.7% and 83.46% per day, respectively.