Combining participatory research and Intervention Mapping to improve adolescents’ sleep behavior

Abstract Background Adolescent sleep deprivation is an important health concern, urging the need to develop effective interventions. Combining a participatory approach (i.e. actively involving the adolescents) and Intervention Mapping (IM) may improve effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the development of an intervention to improve adolescents' sleep behavior that combined a participatory approach with IM. Secondly, we evaluated the participatory process, based on focus group research in adolescents. Methods In three secondary schools in Flanders (Belgium), an action group with 6-8 pupils and an academic facilitator had weekly sessions with the aim to co-create an intervention, following IM. Three focus groups within each action group were organized throughout the development process. Data were thematically analyzed using NVivo 12. Results During the sessions, each action group went through the different steps of IM: identifying the problem (step 1: needs assessment), deciding on what should be changed (step 2: program objectives) and how it can be changed (step 3: methods and applications), and designing the intervention (step 4: program development). Most adolescents were positive about the content of the sessions, the methods used, the level of participation and the collaboration with the others. Still, they felt more satisfied during the final, more concrete steps. Also, they seemed to lack support from their schools. Conclusions The unique approach of combining participatory research with IM is a promising way to develop an intervention to improve adolescents' sleep. Further research needs to investigate if it leads to more effective and sustainable interventions. Key messages Going through the different steps of Intervention Mapping in cooperation with adolescents is a feasible approach to develop an intervention to promote healthy sleep in adolescents. Adolescents mostly describe participating in the development of a healthy sleep intervention through Intervention Mapping as a positive experience.