Evolutionary loss of threat display in more social species: phylogenetic comparisons, natural interactions in the wild, and experiments with models

Abstract Fitness can be increased dramatically by communication. So why, given the benefits of communication, would displays ever be completely lost evolutionarily? Threat displays, in particular, are relatively cheap to produce and are precursors of attack, so should be especially hard for both senders and receivers to lose completely. Here we explore an evolutionary transition in sociality, testing whether complete evolutionary loss of threat display has occurred in ‘more social’ hermit crab species, which interact more frequently with conspecifics. First, we synthesised literature and observations on the presence versus absence of threat display across hermit crab species, mapping this information onto a phylogenetic tree. We found that all ‘less social’ species — marine and terrestrial — produce threat displays, consistent with threat display being the ancestral state. But ‘more social’ terrestrial species, which are highly derived, do not produce a threat display, suggesting an evolutionary loss. Next, we contrasted natural interactions in the wild within a less social species (Pagurus bernhardus) versus within a more social species (Coenobita compressus), finding that the less social species, despite a lower rate of social encounter, had a higher rate of display per encounter (24%). In contrast, the more social species’ rate of display per encounter was negligible (