Diversity of parasitoids associated with fruit flies on cultivated and wild plants in southern Togo

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major constraints on the production and marketing of fruits in African tropical and subtropical countries. In a perspective to manage these fly pests, an inventory of parasitoids associated with fruit flies was carried out from 2009 to 2011 in southern Togo through various fruit incubations. Nine species of native hymenopteran parasitoids associated with eight fly species belonging to five genera Bactrocera , Ceratitis , Dacus , Trirhithrum and Zeugodacus were recovered. Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) was the most abundant parasitoid. However, the numbers of Braconidae ( Diachasmimorpha fullawayi Silvestri, Fopius caudatus Szépligeti and Asobara sp.), Figitidae ( Aganaspis sp.), Pteromalidae ( Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani and Spalangia sp.), Eulophidae ( Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri) and Chalcididae ( Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri) species were relatively low. The rate of parasitism of different species of recovered parasitoids ranged from 0.6 to 40%. This is an asset for future surveys in the center and northern regions and studies of interactions between fruit flies and their natural enemies in Togo.