Tunable strain soliton networks confine electrons in van der Waals materials

Twisting or sliding two-dimensional crystals with respect to each other gives rise to moiré patterns determined by the difference in their periodicities. Such lattice mismatches can exist for several reasons: differences between the intrinsic lattice constants of the two layers, as is the case for graphene on BN 1 ; rotations between the two lattices, as is the case for twisted bilayer graphene 2 ; and strains between two identical layers in a bilayer 3 . Moiré patterns are responsible for a number of new electronic phenomena observed in recent years in van der Waals heterostructures, including the observation of superlattice Dirac points for graphene on BN 1 , collective electronic phases in twisted bilayers and twisted double bilayers 4 – 8 , and trapping of excitons in the moiré potential 9 – 12 . An open question is whether we can use moiré potentials to achieve strong trapping potentials for electrons. Here, we report a technique to achieve deep, deterministic trapping potentials via strain-based moiré engineering in van der Waals materials. We use strain engineering to create on-demand soliton networks in transition metal dichalcogenides. Intersecting solitons form a honeycomb-like network resulting from the three-fold symmetry of the adhesion potential between layers. The vertices of this network occur in bound pairs with different interlayer stacking arrangements. One vertex of the pair is found to be an efficient trap for electrons, displaying two states that are deeply confined within the semiconductor gap and have a spatial extent of 2 nm. Soliton networks thus provide a path to engineer deeply confined states with a strain-dependent tunable spatial separation, without the necessity of introducing chemical defects into the host materials. By sliding one layer with respect to the other in a van der Waals heterostructure, Edelberg et al. create a honeycomb network of solitons. Vertices of the network trap electrons, allowing strain-tunable control of confined states.