Spider diversity across an elevation gradient in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica

Throughout the Neotropics, temperature and precipitation change with elevation and these changes affect the assemblage of species at any particular elevation. We documented the diversity of litter‐inhabiting spiders, (Arachnida: Araneae) along a Costa Rican elevational gradient as it relates to covarying abiotic factors such as temperature and precipitation. The spiders we collected were principally unidentifiable juveniles, and so we used Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) derived from DNA barcodes as proxies for species‐level interim names. We contrasted these taxon‐based estimates with phylogenetic measures of alpha‐ and beta‐diversity derived from both the mitochondrial DNA barcode region and a multi‐gene phylogeny of spiders and found that neither the abundance nor the species richness of spiders was significantly correlated with elevation, temperature, or precipitation. However, we did find that spider assemblages in the upper elevation cloud forests were phylogenetically clustered, (and this pattern was unrelated to whether the phylogenetic patterns were derived mitochondrially or from a multi‐gene analysis). One standard explanation for such a pattern is that harsh abiotic conditions in higher elevation forests have selected for particular spider lineages; however, this remains to be tested fully. The diversity of leaf‐litter spider species we uncovered was high and further sampling of spider abundance and diversity across the ACG is likely to yield many new species. Most spiders encountered in ACG represent new spp. and further sampling is likely to yield many more. While elevation and diversity were weakly related in ACG spiders, we found that dry forest communities had more PD and cloud forest less PD than predicted by richness.