Anammox Granules Acclimatized to Mainstream Conditions Can Achieve a Volumetric Nitrogen Removal Rate Comparable to Sidestream Systems

The implementation of mainstream anammox has gained increasing attention. In this study, the feasibility of using sidestream anammox granules to start up mainstream reactors was investigated by comparing two switching strategies. A maximum nitrogen removal potential of 3.6 ± 0.2 kg N m d was obtained for the reactor after direct switching to mainstream conditions (70 mg TN L , 15 °C). Nevertheless, the reactor preacclimatized to 25 °C (Ma) exhibited a higher nitrogen removal potential of 7.0 ± 0.3 kg N m d at 15 °C, which is the highest volumetric nitrogen removal rate of mainstream anammox reactors to date. was identified as the dominant anammox bacterium, and its relative abundance in two reactors remained stable throughout the whole operation (200 days). Moreover, with the aid of acclimatization, the activation energy was reduced and the specific growth rate became higher. These results indicated that the physiological evolution of the dominant anammox bacterium instead of interspecies selection was the main reason for the high potential during the switch to mainstream conditions. Therefore, using sidestream anammox granules as seed sludge to start up mainstream reactors was demonstrated to be feasible, and a switching strategy of acclimatization at 25 °C was recommended.